Q. Define Error , Enlist type of error And Explain Source Of Error ?
Ans :-
• Define :- It is the difference between measured value / practical value and true value.
• Types Of Error :-
1) Determinant Error / Systemic error / constant error
2) indeterminate error / random error
3) measurable error
4)gross error
• Sources Of Error :-
1) Raw material used in manufacturer :-
Traces of raw material may come in the final product.
Ex :- metalic zinc may be present as an impurity in zinc oxide can be prepared by heating metalic zinc
2) Process used in the manufacturer :-
Tap water is invariably used in various processes which contain Cl , Ca , Mg , Ka Which may contaminated the final substance finished product.
So the limits for these impurities have been prescribed in a large number of pharmaceutical substance.
Ex :- iodine obtained from Kelp of seaweed.
3) Material Of The plant :-
The equipment or utensils used in the manufacturing process are made of metal like copper, aluminium, iron , zinc,nickel and tin (sn) or stainless steel.
Due to action of the solvent on the material of the equipment presence of metal are introduced into the final product.
4) inadequate storage :-
Stored products may become contaminated with dust , the bodies of insects and even animal and insect excreta.
Due to careless storage, ferrous sulphate is slowly converted into insoluble ferric oxide by air and moisture.
5) accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless substance :-
Accidental substitution can take place if toxic substances are stocked with other substances or compounds.
Due to incomplete saponification there may be presence of alkali impurities.
Deliberate adulteration or substitution with cheaper drugs or varieties is a possible.
Ex :- acacia powder can be adulterated with clay.
6) manufacturing hazards :-
A) Particulate contamination :-
Accidental inclusion of dirt or glass , procelatin , metallic glass or plastic fragments from sieves.
B ) Process error :-
Gross error arising from incomplete solution of a solute in a liquid.
C ) cross contamination :-
The handling of powder, granules and tablets in bulk quantities, frequently create a considerable amount of air borne dust , which if not controlled leads to cross contamination of product.
Ex :- steroids and other synthetic hormones and antibiotics.
D ) microbial contamination :-
Liquid preparation and creams for topical application to broken skin or mucous membrane are liable to bacterial , mould and fungal contamination from the atmosphere.
E ) packaging error :-
Product of similar appearance, such as tablets of same size , colour and shape packed in similar containers can cause danger through mislabeling .
----------------------------------------------------------
ONLY FOR EDITOR